hoW manY peoplE camE

2012-11-26

Reference




Credit by Wetlands Ecology and Management 8: 233–242, 2000. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

Diversity and distribution of the mangrove forests in Taiwan Mei-Li Hsueh & Hsun-Hwang Lee
Habitats and Ecosystems Division, Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, Nantou, Taiwan Received 30 July 1999; accepted in revised form 19 October 1999


Reference List:

http://www.forest.gov.tw/public/Attachment/621414525271.pdf

http://ee.tcc.edu.tw/05country/red/htm/5.htm

http://sowhc.sow.org.tw/html/report/2009/2009a.htm

http://203.145.193.110/NSC_INDEX/Journal/EJ0001/9808/9808-02.pdf

"The distribution and influence of heavy metals in mangrove forests of the Tamshui Estuary in Taiwan"
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00380768.1991.10416934

"Biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene from mangrove sediment in subtropical Taiwan"
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10934520701792688

"台灣紅樹林特有生物研究保育中心 薛美莉 "
http://marine.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/filesys/file/01_chinese/news/course_pdf_004.pdf

"Modeling of Flow Resistance in Mangrove Swamp at Mouthof Tidal Keelung River, Taiwan
Wen-Cheng Liu; Ming-Hsi Hsu; and Chi-Fang Wang"
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-950X%282003%29129%3A2%2886%29


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2012-11-25

Maintain balance between people and the ecosystem


Do not development the area that is not been development and try to save the one that is dying. We people do not really need that much stop asking the environment for more.


Mangroves forests are located in coastal and river estuary regions. Causes of the rapid development of the economy, coastal environment have suffered huge pressures and damages which have made some species disappear. Luckily, there has been an increasing awareness of mangroves conservation and management in recent years, especially in term of waterfowl habitat protection and mangrove conservation. Selected coastal areas are slowly but surely becoming designated National Conservation Areas in various cities and counties.

http://www.wetland.org.tw/about/hope/hope47/4706.html

http://bft.cirad.fr/cd/BFT_273_43-54.pdf
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Future


Even some of the mangrove area has been protected; if people keep ignore the rest of the mangrove sooner or later mangrove forest will be gone in Taiwan. Once the mangrove forest is gone, nothing will prevent coastal areas from erosion and typhoon.


Future prospects:

Mangroves forests are located in coastal and river estuary regions. Causes of the rapid development of the economy, coastal environment have suffered huge pressures and damages which have made some species disappear. Luckily, there has been an increasing awareness of mangroves conservation and management in recent years, especially in term of waterfowl habitat protection and mangrove conservation. Selected coastal areas are slowly but surely becoming designated National Conservation Areas in various cities and counties.

Since there has been increasing pressure to conserve and restore mangroves due to the international attention placed on environmental conservation, sustainable resource use and biodiversity conservation. First, maintain the ecology’s current condition. Stopping the human impact is the most common method for environmental conservation. Second, recover its ability to produce in the future. Not just focus on restore the area’s original ecosystem, but to preserve and increase more living species, and for the future of sustainable development. Last, besides focusing on conservation areas and sustainable conservation, the nurturing of mangroves can also prevent the nature hazard in the future.
Source:

 http://203.145.193.110/NSC_INDEX/Journal/EJ0001/9808/9808-02.pdf
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Status of the protected area


The status of that protected area is pretty good. It has combine protected area with education purpose. People can go there have fun and learn more about the mangrove forest.



What can be done to improve human impact?



(1) All planning authorities should protect the provincially important wetlands. Its policy purpose is to use the land for the planning process to define and protect wetlands; goals are to achieving zero loss of wetlands. Identified important wetlands in the area and do not allow any development of behavior.

(2) Once identified the area, all planning authorities should under the Planning Act, the protection of its inclusion in the official plan, zoning control regulations and other development decisions.

(3) All planning authorities should be encouraged; in order to protect non-provincial government recognized the important wetlands. This policy is to make up for the provincial important wetlands which think it is not important. Local government may attach great importance to the non-important one, and as much as possible to preserve the wetlands.

(4) Land which is adjacent to the protected wetlands, need license to develop.  But it is limited to not detract from the original wetland functions and affect adjacent land features; required environmental impact assessment.

Let the environment has time to rest.

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Protected Areas


There are thirty larger number of mangrove distribution areas, where there are legally designated as mangrove protected areas such as Jhuwei mangrove protected area, Hao-Meiliao mangrove conservation area, the Chunan Jhonggang river mangrove protected areas, the Hsinchu orang Kong mangrove protected areas, Guandu Nature Reserve District, Waziwei Nature Reserve, and the Sihcao mangroves reserved area. The other mangrove forests are facing the destruction of land development and environmental pollution.


 Jhuwei mangrove protected area:

From http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/frank-blog/article?mid=9846&next=9822&l=f&fid=51

Hao-Meiliao mangrove conservation area:

Chunan Jhonggang river mangrove protected areas:

Hsinchu orang Kong mangrove protected areas:

Guandu Nature Reserve District:

 Waziwei Nature Reserve:

Sihcao mangroves reserved area:


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Benefits


The roots of the mangrove not only intercept sediment expand on beaches, but also protect the bay from the giant wind or big waves directly attacked which have excellent security revetment function.


1. Filter the organic matter and pollutants from the terrestrial runoff which come from inland.

Mangrove species through their roots absorb inorganic substances in water, reduce water pollution, example: the microbial metabolism soil surface absorption, chemical precipitation and absorption by plants and other. This method can reduce the suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus, and other elements, and metal.
The Tamsui River mangroves cumulative metal, the cumulative site to the roots of the highest, which mangroves should have fixed the heavy metals in the sediment, in order to reduce its role in the food chain cycle cumulative.


2. throughout the formation of soil sediments, to resist the impact of the tides and floods.
From http://203.145.193.110/NSC_INDEX/Journal/EJ0001/9808/9808-02.pdf

3. Provide habitat for many birds and marine animals and foraging environment.
 From http://www.awalkinthewoods.us/Image15.gif
From http://www.naturefoundationsxm.org/education/mangroves/red_mangrove_illustration.gif






From http://163.20.52.71/stu635/cwpspage/ta/grove/bird.htm

4. It can be used as timber, firewood, food, herbs, and other chemical raw materials.


5. Mangrove has the value of people from a variety of angles like appreciate, entertainment, knowledge and education to achieve the purpose of tourism.



From http://163.20.52.71/stu635/cwpspage/ta/grove/benefit.htm

___________________________________________________________________
Source:


"Modeling of Flow Resistance in Mangrove Swamp at Mouth of Tidal Keelung River, Taiwan"
Wen-Cheng Liu; Ming-Hsi Hsu; and Chi-Fang Wang
http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:2(86)

"Fish Assemblages in the Mangrove Creeks of Northern and Southern Taiwan"
Shih-Rong Kuo, Hsing-Juh Lin and Kwang-Tsao Shao
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1353079
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People Impacted (Good, Bad, Ugly?)


The human impacted the ecosystem is bad. Because of the development, people build a lot near the coast which make the mangrove forest disappear. Bruguiera conjugate and Ceriop tagal have disappeared due to the expansion of the Port of Kaohsiung in Taiwan.


Human Impact

In the past few decades, Taiwan use land reclamation in order to maintain its economy and use it for the construction of the industrial area, embankments, roads, harbors and fish ponds. The direct results of using this kind of land make the high tide line zone disappear. Take Changhua County Shengang bottomland Shihgu for example, the bottom-land were planning to build a landfill in 1999, although the plan stopped but it already fills out a large area.

The second interference, it happened in all parts of Taiwan, such as dumping the waste of building, oyster shells, garbage, and the river pollutants discharged into the sea, and so on, and continued on the harm of the mangroves forest.

Last, though not to the pollution or land reclamation, on the contrary, it is based on the Coastal Protection. This third threat is about since 1956 or earlier, all levels of government and private conservation groups in succession actively mangroves planted way construction is the coastal windbreak. The high tide line of the sandy zone in many sediments, the original is not suitable for the growth of mangroves, they are nothing but a dense mangrove distribution; for example, the artificial mangrove planting around Hsinchu City coastal wildlife sanctuaries high tide line zone. Because of the inter-tidal zone was invaded and occupied the biodiversity in the ecosystem decreased.



Source:

"The distribution and influence of heavy metals in mangrove forests of the Tamshui Estuary in Taiwan"
Chih-Yu Chiu & Chang-Hung Chou
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00380768.1991.10416934


"Biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene from mangrove sediment in subtropical Taiwan"
Bea V. Chang , I. T. Chang & Shaw Y. Yuan 
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10934520701792688
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2012-11-18

Before

 What did the ecosystem historically look like?
Due to the river siltation large muddy estuarine areas occur in the west coast of Taiwan, the formation of a series of shallows and wide tidal zone, very suitable for the growth of mangroves. The eastern coast is mostly steep rocky and steep slope, not suitable for the survival of the mangroves. Early west coast of Taiwan is likely to have large tracts of mangrove distribution.


1. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce 
    Kandelia obovata Sheue; "new species" 水筆仔
The Jhuwei mangrove protected areas has the world's largest Kandelia forest.
From http://image.mleps.hlc.edu.tw/09%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F/04%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80/06%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%B2%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%96%E7%89%87/01%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C/006~%E6%B0%B4%E7%AD%86%E4%BB%94.jpg

From http://plog.hlps.tc.edu.tw/post/56/5302

From http://link.photo.pchome.com.tw/s08/rongfa01/78/125370097353/


Fromhttp://xalekd.pixnet.net/blog/post/10120640-%E8%BF%94%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%91%E6%81%AF%E7%AB%99%EF%BD%9E%E7%AB%B9%E5%8D%97%E7%B4%85%E6%A8%B9%E6%9E%97%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%8D%80


2. Rhizophora stylosa Griff. 五梨跤






3. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. 海茄苳
From http://img.calldoor.com.tw/images/blog2/0005/0287/articles/251125ccc8e210048e1225642d72d5d4.jpg
From http://sowhc.sow.org.tw/html/report/2009/2009a.htm
From http://120.115.18.8/tajiang/lake.html

4. Lumnitzera racemosa 欖李
The most salt-tolerant species

From http://www.hktraveler.com/greenteach/bio_14f.htm

From http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2007/c28093245/companion/213.htm
 
From http://blog.xuite.net/e2202778/boaboa/25054067-%E6%AC%96%E6%9D%8E

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Where

1.    Identify the spatial scale (global, regional, local) of this ecosystem (or pick one to focus on if it spans more than one scale).


Forests of the Tide
At the intersection of land and sea, mangrove forests support a wealth of life, from starfish to people, and may be more important to the health of the planet than we ever realized.
-By Kennedy Warne
from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/World_map_mangrove_distribution.png

Mangroves are many kinds of trees with medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats within the tropics and subtropics; mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. 

"Mangroves live life on the edge. With one foot on land and one in the sea, these botanical amphibians occupy a zone of desiccating heat, choking mud, and salt levels that would kill an ordinary plant within hours. Yet the forests mangroves form are among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on Earth. Birds roost in the canopy, shellfish attach themselves to the roots, and snakes and crocodiles come to hunt. Mangroves provide nursery grounds for fish; a food source for monkeys, deer, tree-climbing crabs, even kangaroos; and a nectar source for bats and honeybees."
from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/mangroves/warne-text


From http://library.taiwanschoolnet.org/cyberfair2005/c28093245/taiwan/grap/tainan.jpg

Mangrove forest in Taiwan is locate at the west coast of island, which is sand beach instead of rock beach. 

Taiwan mangroves are distribution around the western estuary. Original six mangrove species, but it only has four dominant plants such as Kandelia obovata Sheue, Liu & Yong, Avicennia marina (Forsk.), Rhizophora mucronata Lam and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. Moreover Rhizophora mucronata Lam and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd distribution is more limited and are rare populations.
From http://www.springerlink.com/content/k33052r76tpn3013/



Kandelia obovata has higher cold resistance, which has is the most and widely distributed in Taiwan, mainly located in the northern part of the Taiwan  from the Tamsui Jhuwei area to the Guandu area.



Avicennia marina has the most widely distribution area, it from south of Hsinchu to Pingtung (from north of Taiwan to the south of Taiwan).  Rhizophora stylosa and Lumnitzera racemosa mostly distribute around west-south of Taiwan but not much.



Protected mangrove areas are announcement by the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act which is Tamsui River mangroves Nature Reserve, Guandu Nature Reserve, and Wa-zi-wei Nature Reserve. 



____________________________________________________________________
Source:

http://ee.tcc.edu.tw/05country/red/htm/5.htm

"Wikipedia: Mangrove"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove

"Diversity and distribution of the mangrove forests in Taiwan"
Mei-Li Hsueh & Hsun-Hwang Lee Habitats and Ecosystems Division, Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Chichi, Nantou, Taiwan 
Received 30 July 1999; accepted in revised form 19 October 1999
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1008454809778?LI=true

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2012-10-30

Project outline


Chun Lu (104079305)
A one page project outline is due in section, week 5. Please include info on the following:
1.    Identify the spatial scale (global, regional, local) of this ecosystem (or pick one to focus on if it spans more than one scale).
Mangrove forest in Taiwan is locate at the west coast of island, which is sand beach instead of rock beach. Mainly distributed between 25 degrees north and 25 degrees south.
2.      What did the ecosystem historically look like?
Due to the river siltation large muddy estuarine areas occur in the west coast of Taiwan, the formation of a series of shallows and wide tidal zone, very suitable for the growth of mangroves. The eastern coast is mostly steep rocky and steep slope, not suitable for the survival of the mangroves. Early west coast of Taiwan is likely to have large tracts of mangrove distribution.
3.      How have people impacted the ecosystem? (Good, Bad, Ugly?)
The human impacted the ecosystem is bad. Because of the development, people build a lot near the coast which make the mangrove forest disappear. Bruguiera conjugate and Ceriop tagal have disappeared due to the expansion of the Port of Kaohsiung in Taiwan.
4.      What benefits do people get from the ecosystems?
The roots of the mangrove not only intercept sediment expand on beaches, but also protect the bay from the giant wind or big waves directly attacked which have excellent security revetment function.
5.      Are there any protected areas for that ecosystem?
Yes, there are some protected area for mangrove forest in Taiwan. The freshwater mangrove ecosystems protected areas located in New Taipei City Danshui area. Danshui mangrove ecosystems protected areas are from Jhuwei area to the Yingge the river banks an area of ​​76.41 hectares
6.      What is the status of that protected area?
The status of that protected area is pretty good. It has combine protected area with education purpose. People can go there have fun and learn more about the mangrove forest.
7.      What is likely to happen in the future to that ecosystem?
Even some of the mangrove area has been protected, if people keep ignore the rest of the mangrove sooner or later mangrove forest will be gone in Taiwan. Once the mangrove forest is gone, nothing will prevent coastal areas from erosion and typhoon.
8.      What can be done to maintain balance between people and the ecosystem?
Do not development the area that is not been development and try to save the one that is dying. We people do not really need that much stop asking the environment for more.

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